RECENT RESULTS FROM MILAGRO FIELD CAMPAIGN 2006 IN THE MEXICO MEGACITY
Abstract
The air quality in large urbanized regions represents one of the major threats to the public and the ecosystems health. A number of harmful compounds emitted to the atmosphere from the various human activities increase the risk of having undesired illnesses, and possible death. Secondary air pollutants in both, air and aerosol phase, contribute to worsening this situation. on the other hand, there is an increasing recognition that air quality and climate change are strongly connected. Ozone plays an important role in this connection, apart from being by itself a greenhouse gas. This interaction is expected to evolve in response to changes in man-made emissions of gas precursors and to changes in physical climate. In this paper, a general scheme of the tropospheric ozone formation will be presented, as well as the current results from the MILAGRO field campaign took place in the Mexico Megacity in 2006.References
UNPD (UN Population Division), World
Urbanization Prospect: The 2005 Revision,
M.J. Molina and L.T. Molina, J. Air & Waste
Manage. Assoc. 54, No. 6, (2004) 644.
L.T. Molina, M.J. Molina, R. Slott, C.E. Kolb,
P.K. Gbor, F. Meng, R. Singh, O. Galvez, J.J.
Sloan, W. Anderson, X.Y. Tang, M. Shao, T.
Zhu, Y.H. Zhang, M. Hu, B.R. Gurjar, P.
Artaxo, P. Oyola, E. Gramsch, P. Hidalgo,
and A. Gertler, J. Air & Waste Manage.
Assoc, 2004. (http://www.awma.org)
L.T. Molina and M.J. Molina, Air Quality in
the Mexico Megacity: An Integrated
Assessment, Kluwer Academic Publishers:
Dordrecht, The Netherlands (2002) pp. 384.
CAM: Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del
Aire en el Valle de México 2002-2010,
Comisión Ambiental Metropolitana, Mexico,
L.T. Molina, M.J. Molina, R. Favela, A.
Fernandez-Bremauntz, R. Slott and M.
Zavala. Cleaning the Air: A Comparative
Study in Air Quality in the Mexico Megacity:
An Integrated Assessment, Molina, L.T.,
Molina, M.J., Eds., Kluwer Academic
Publishers (2002) 21-59.
J. Evans, J. Levy, J. Hammitt, C. SantosBurgoa, M. Castillejos, M. CaballeroRamirez, M. Hernandez-Avila, H. RiojasRodriguez, L. Rojas-Bracho, P. SerranoTrespalacios, J.D. Spengler, and H. Suh,
Health benefits of air pollution control, in Air
Quality in the Mexico Megacity: An
Integrated Assessment, Molina, L.T., Molina,
M.J., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers,
-136, 2002.
L.T. Molina, C.E. Kolb, B. de Foy, B.K. Lamb,
W.H. Brune, J.L. Jimenez, R. RamosVillegas, J. Sarmiento, V.H. ParamoFigueroa, B. Cardenas, V. Gutierrez-Avedoy,
and M.J. Molina, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7,
(2007) 2447.
J.D. Fast et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7,
(2007) 2233.
B. de Foy, J. Fast, S.J. Paech, D. Phillips,
J.T. Walters, R.L. Coulter, T.J. Martin, M.S.
Pekour, W.J. Shaw, P.P. Kastendeuch, N.A.
Marley, A. Retama and L.T. Molina, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 8, (2008) 1209.
B. de Foy, E. Caetano, V. Magaña, A.
Zitácuaro, B. Cárdenas, A. Retama, R.
Ramos, L.T. Molina and M.J. Molina, Atmos.
Chem. Phys. 5 (2005) 2267.
W.J. Shaw, M.S. Pekour, R.L. Coulter, T.J.
Martin, and J.T. Walters, Atmos. Chem.
Phys. Discuss. 7 (2007) 15025.
S.P. Burton, R.A. Ferrare, C.A. Hostetler,
J.W. Hair, A. Cook, D. Harper, M.D. Obland,
and R.R. Rogers, Planetary boundary layer
(PBL) heights derived from NASA Langley
airborne high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL)
data acquired during TexAQS/GoMACCS,
CHAPS, and MILAGRO, Eos Trans. AGU,
(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A51B0342 (2007).
B. de Foy, J.R. Varela, L.T. Molina and M.J.
Molina, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, (2006) 2321.
P. Voss, et al., Reconstruction of trajectories,
mixing and Dispersion of a Mexico City
pollution outflow event using in-situ
observations from free-floating altitudecontrolled balloons, Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52),
Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A41F-07 (2007).
CAM: Inventario de emisiones de la
atmósfera. Zona Metropolitana del Valle de
México 2004, Comisión Ambiental
Metropolitana, Mexico (2006).
E. Velasco, B. Lamb, S. Pressley, E. Allwine,
H. Westberg, T. Jobson, M. Alexander, P.
Prazeller, L. Molina, and M. Molina,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20802,
doi:10.1029/ 005GL023356, 2005.
E. Velasco, et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7,
(2007a) 329.
E. Velasco, R. Grivicke, S. Pressley,
G. Allwine, T. Jobson, H. Westberg, B.
Lamb, and L. Molina, Eddy covariance flux
measurements of pollutant gases in the
Mexico City urban area: A useful technique
to evaluate emissions inventories, Eos
Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl.,
Abstract A13I-02 (2007b).
R. Grivicke, S. Pressley, J. Jimenez,
L. Alexander, E. Nemitz, E. Velasco,
T. Jobson, H. Westberg, R. Ramos, L.T.
Molina, B. Lamb, Eddy Covariance Flux
Measurements of Urban Aerosols During the
MILAGRO Mexico City Field Campaign, Eos
Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl.,
Abstract A23C- 1471 (2007).
M. Zavala, S. C. Herndon, R. S. Slott, E. J.
Dunlea, L. C. Marr, J. H. Shorter, M.
Zahniser, W. B. Knighton, T. M. Rogers,
C. E. Kolb, L. T. Molina and M. J. Molina
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6 (2006) 5129.
M. Zavala, S. Herndon, E. Wood, T. Onasch,
B. Knighton, M.J. Molina, C.E. Kolb, L.T.
Molina, What does the future hold for Mexico
City? Trends in Emissions from Combustion
Sources, Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet.
Suppl., Abstract A23C-1478 (2007).
Yokelson, R. J. Yokelson, R., Urbanski, S.,
Atlas, E., Toohey, D., Alvarado, E., Crounse,
J., Wennberg, P., Fisher, M., Wold, C.,
Campos, T., Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., Hao
W. M., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (2007) 5569.
R.c. Moffet, B. de Foy, L.T. Molina, M.J.
Molina and A. Prather, Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Discuss. 7 (2007) 6413.
E.A. Stone, D.C. Snyder, R.J. Sheesley, A.P.
Sullivan, R.J. Weber, and J.J. Schauer,
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8 (2008) 1249.
Querol, X., Pey, J., Minguillon, M. C., Perez,
N., Alastuey, A., Viana, M., Moreno, T.,
Bernabe, R. M., Blanco, S., Cardenas, B.,
Vega, E., Sosa, G., Escalona, S., Ruiz, H.,
Artiñano, B., PM Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8
(2008) 111.
Case Hanks, A.T, L. Huey, D. Tanner, O.
Vargas, S. Sjostedt, J. R. Olson, G. Chen, B.
Lefer and D. R. Blake, Photochemical activity
in Mexico City during MILAGRO 2006:
results from the T1 site, Eos Trans. AGU,
(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A33D1541 (2007).
S. Dusanter, D. Vimal, P.S. Stevens,
R. Volkamer and L.T. Molina, Hydroxyl and
hydroperoxy radical chemistry during the
MCMA-2006 field campaign: Measurement
and model comparison, Eos Trans. AGU,
(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A22C-06,
(2007).
C.A. Cantrell and R.S. Anderson, Behavior of
tropospheric peroxy radicals during several
recent airborne measurement campaigns,
Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl.,
Abstract A11C-0596 (2007).
J. Zheng, R. Zhang, E.C. Fortner, L.T.
Molina, A.C. Aiken, J.T. Jimenez, K.
Gäggeler, J., Dommen, S. Dusanter, P.S.
Stevens and X. Tie, Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Discuss. 8 (2008) 4877.
T.R. Shirley, W.H. Brune, X. Ren, J. Mao, R.
Lesher, B. Cardenas, R. Volkamer, L.T.
Molina, M.J. Molina, B. Lamb, E. Velasco, T.
Jobson and M. Alexander, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 6 (2006) 2753.
L. Nummermacker, J. Weinstein-Lloyd, L.
Kleinman, S. Springston, P. Daum, B.
Hillery, and B. Giebel, Atmos. Chem. Phys.
(2008) unpublished.
W. Lei, B. de Foy, M. Zavala, R. Volkamer,
and L.T. Molina, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7,
(2007) 1347.
X. Tie, S. Madronich, G. Li, Z. Ying, R.
Zhang, A. Garcia, J. Lee- Taylor and Y. Liu,
Atmos. Environ. 41 (2007) 1989.
W. Lei, B. de Foy, M. Zavala, R. Volkamer,
and L.T. Molina, Characterizing ozone
production and response and their evolution
under different meteorological conditions in
Mexico City. Atmos. Chem. Phys. (2008)
unpublished
R. Volkamer, P.M. Sheehy, L.T. Molina, and
M.J. Molina, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7
(2007) 5365.
P. Sheehy, M., R. Volkamer, L. T. Molina,
and M. Molina, Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Discuss., Atmos. Chem. Phys. (2008)
unpublished.
E.C. Apel et al., Observations of volatile
organic compounds downwind of Mexico City
during MIRAGE- MEX, Eos Trans. AGU,
(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A41F-02,
(2007).
F. Flocke et al., Reactive nitrogen chemistry
in Mexico City outflow: a unique case, Eos
Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl.
Abstract A31E-05 (2007).
R.A. Zaveri, E. G. Chapman, R. C. Easter, J.
D. Fast, F. Flocke, L. I. Kleinman, S.
Madronich, S. R. Springston, P. B. Voss and
A. Weinheimer, Modeling gas-aerosol
processes during MILAGRO 2006, Eos
Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl.,
Abstract A33D-1570 (2007).
A. Hodzic et al, Contribution of dust particles
to the heterogeneous removal of acidic
gases from the atmosphere during the
MIRAGE experiment, Eos Trans. AGU,
(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A23C1476 (2007).
Jr. Arellano, A., K. Raeder, J. Anderson, P.
Hess, L. Emmons, D. Edwards, G. Pfister,
T. Campos and G. Sachse, Atmos. Chem.
Phys. Discuss. (2008).
D. Salcedo, et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6
(2006) 925.
R. Volkamer, J.L. Jimenez, F. San Martini, K.
Dzepina, Q. Zhang, D. Salcedo, L.T. Molina,
D.R. Worsnop and M.J. Molina, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 33, L17811, doi:10.1029/2006
GL026899 (2006).
S. Herndon, T.B. Onasch, E.C. Wood, J. H.
Kroll, M.R. Canagaratna, J.T. Jayne, M.A.
Zavala, W.B. Knighton, C. Mazzoleni, M.K.
Dubey, I.M. Ulbrich, J.L. Jimenez, R. Seila,
J.A. de Gouw, B. de Foy, J. Fast, L.T.
Molina, C.E. Kolb and D.R. Worsnop,
Geophys. Res. Lett., (2007) unpublished.
A.C. Aiken et al., Environ Sci., Technol.
(2008) in press.
L.I. Kleinman, et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8,
(2008) 1559.
P.F. DeCarlo et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Discuss. 7 (2007) 18269.
IMP (2006) Estudio de las emisiones de la
zona industrial de Tula y su impacto en la
calidad del aire regional. Instituto Mexicano
del Petróleo PS-MA-IF-F21393-1, Noviembre
